If we wish to explain this sort of conviction, and the cases in which it finds expression,128 two options are available to us. The first is to say that, although B is unforeseeable to the defendant, the defendant nevertheless breaches a duty owed to B by shooting at A. To embrace this option is, of course, to abandon the idea that tort duties cannot be owed to unforeseeable plaintiffs. The second option is to say that B is entitled to redress against the defendant (and/or the defendant owes him an enforceable duty of compensation) despite the fact that the defendant has breached no duty owed to B. To embrace this option is to abandon the basic idea that liability must be founded on the breach of some duty owed to the plaintiff. Either way, transferred intent doctrine is incompatible with a fundamental assumption about tort law on which Cardozo’s reasoning in Palsgraf relies.
家族の予定・天気・家の状態をひと目で確認できる自作電子ペーパーダッシュボード「Timeframe」を改良してきた10年間の記録
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