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“People were dying and we didn’t know why,” Cornman told me. “We didn’t understand the physics of why the planes were crashing.” The deadly gusts were thought to be blowing in from the ocean or from thunderstorms outside the airports. But the danger turned out to be right above them. In the late seventies, researchers at NCAR and the University of Chicago discovered that the crashes were caused by microbursts—sudden, violent downdrafts. In a microburst, a storm cloud dumps cool air and rain straight down, like water from a broken awning. The air spreads horizontally after it lands, so the pilot thinks he’s flying into a headwind at first. He lifts the plane’s nose slightly and decreases the engines’ thrust. Then the downdraft hits, followed by a vicious tailwind, sending the aircraft to the ground.